![]() ![]() Minerva is thought to be the equivalent of the goddess Athena, who was the Greek goddess of wisdom. She watched over schoolchildren and craftspeople such as carpenters and stonemasons. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and craft. She resembled the Greek goddess Hera in that she kept a particularly watchful eye over women and all aspects of their lives. ![]() Military commanders would pay homage to Jupiter at his temple after winning in battle. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. ![]() Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. However, these deities were renamed and effectively rebranded for a Roman context, possessing names that are different from their Greek counterparts. For example, many of the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman culture share similar characteristics. Romans adopted many aspects of Greek culture, adapting them slightly to suit their own needs. As the Roman Republic was rising to prominence, it acquired these Greek territories, bringing them under the administration of the Roman state. Due to Rome’s geographic position, its citizens experienced frequent contact with the Greek peoples, who had expanded their territories into the Italian peninsula and Sicily. The gods and goddesses of Greek culture significantly influenced the development of Roman deities and mythology. While the Roman state recognized main gods and goddesses by decorating public buildings and fountains with their images, families worshipping at home also put special emphasis on the deities of their choosing. Romans paid allegiance to the gods both in public spaces and in private homes. They believed that these deities served a role in founding the Roman civilization and that they helped shape the events of people’s lives on a daily basis. Despite the presence of monotheistic religions within the empire, such as Judaism and early Christianity, Romans honored multiple deities. (Contains 38 references.The Roman Empire was a primarily polytheistic civilization, which meant that people recognized and worshiped multiple gods and goddesses. Although women were banned from participating in the Olympic games, they had their own running competitions at Olympia. and mythology and art indicate running was the most popular physical activity for women in ancient Greece. accounts of women hunting are found in mythological Greek writings there is some evidence for women being involved in horseback riding wrestling for women was introduced by Lycurgus in the ninth century B.C. feminine acrobatic performance was portrayed in Xenophon's "Symposium" aquatic activities were not only recreational but a necessity of everyday life-the earliest known evidence of women involved in swimming was found once again in Homer's "Odyssey" the only known artifact depicting women in the act of swimming is a red figured vase, dated around 500 B.C. portray women driving light chariots in a procession a girl juggling 12 hoops appears on an Attic cup dated around 475-450 B.C. Homer's "Odyssey" describes women playing ball and driving chariots vases dating back to 700-675 B.C. Based on evidence obtained from Greek literature and artifacts, this paper examines the extent to which women in ancient Greece participated in physical activity, sports, and games. ![]()
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